cmd:/> linux

GNU Linux (BASH) [Debian-based distros]

introduction

What is GNU Linux?

GNU Linux is an open source operating system.

What is BASH?

BASH (Bourne Again SHell) is the most popular shell for Linux terminal.

What is Debian?

Debian is an important GNU Linux distribution. Many other distros are derived from Debian, such as Ubuntu or Linux Mint.

How can we use GNU Linux?

On most distributions (e.g. Ubuntu (Desktop), Linux Mint), we can use it with CLI (Command-Line Interface) and GUI (Graphical User Interface).

There are distributions that do not have a GUI installed by default. Typically, these are versions used as server operating systems, such as Ubuntu Server.

If we are just using a Graphical User Interface, we can run a terminal emulator (pseudoterminal) or go to the Command Line Interface.

How to run the terminal in GUI (Graphical User Interface)?

On most distributions, click the menu button or press and type terminal.

How to go to the CLI (Command-Line Interface) from GUI?

Press Ctrl + Alt + F2. Instead of F2 can be F3, F4, F5, F6 or F1.

How to back to the GUI (Graphical User Interface)?

Press Alt + F1. Instead of F1 can be F6, F7 or other function key. You can also quickly switch between instances of the command line with Alt + or Alt + .

keyboard shortcuts

ctrl + l - clear the terminal screen; same as the command clear
ctrl + c - terminate the current task - SIGINT
ctrl + \ - terminate the current task - SIGQUIT (if ctrl + c doesn't work)
ctrl + z - stop the current task and move it to the background (see commands: jobs, fg, bg and operator &
ctrl + s - stop the terminal output
ctrl + q - resume the terminal output
ctrl + d - exit the terminal; same as the command exit
ctrl + shift + v - paste from the clipboard
ctrl + alt + del - reboot the system - only in CLI (TTY)
ctrl + alt + F1 - TTY1 (from GUI)
ctrl + alt + F2 - TTY2 (from GUI)
ctrl + alt + F3 - TTY3 (from GUI)
ctrl + alt + F4 - TTY4 (from GUI)
ctrl + alt + F5 - TTY5 (from GUI)
ctrl + alt + F6 - TTY6 (from GUI)
alt + F1 - TTY1 (from other TTY)
alt + F2 - TTY2 (from other TTY)
alt + F3 - TTY3 (from other TTY)
alt + F4 - TTY4 (from other TTY)
alt + F5 - TTY5 (from other TTY)
alt + F6 - TTY6 (from other TTY)
alt + - next TTY (from other TTY)
alt + - previous TTY (from other TTY)

disks & partitions

Disks numbering

sda
│ └─ disk number
└─── type of disk controller

types of disks controllers

h - IDE controller
s - SATA / SCSI controller

disk number (as a letter)

a - 1st disk
b - 2nd disk
c - 3rd disk

examples

sda - disk #1 in SATA / SCSI controller
sdb - disk #2 in SATA / SCSI controller
hda - disk #1 in IDE controller

Partitions numbering

sda1
│ │└─ partition number
│ └── disk number
└──── type of disk controller

partition number

1 - 1st partition
2 - 2nd partition
3 - 3rd partition

examples

sda1 - disk #1, partition #1
sda2 - disk #1, partition #2
sdb1 - disk #2, partition #1

GNU Linux (BASH) - Linux Mint [Debian-based distro] karol@core2duo:~$ sudo fdisk -l [sudo] password for karol: Disk /dev/sda: 223,58 GiB, 240056327680 bytes, 468860015 sectors Disk model: SanDisk SSD PLUS Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x9438d1e9 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 * 2048 296962047 296960000 141,6G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 296962048 358401501 61439454 29,3G 83 Linux /dev/sda3 358402048 464662527 106260480 50,7G 83 Linux /dev/sda4 464662528 468858879 4196352 2G 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 55,92 GiB, 60022480896 bytes, 117231408 sectors Disk model: KINGSTON SVP200S Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x781a275d Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdb1 * 2048 96751615 96749568 46,1G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sdb2 96751616 117229567 20477952 9,8G b W95 FAT32

directory structure

├── bin
├── boot
├── cdrom
├── dev
├── etc
├── home
├── lib
├── lib64
├── lost+found
├── media
├── mnt
├── opt
├── proc
├── root
├── run
├── sbin
├── srv
├── sys
├── tmp
├── usr
└── var

GNU Linux (BASH) - Linux Mint [Debian-based distro] karol@core2duo:/$ tree -L 1 . ├── bin ├── boot ├── cdrom ├── dev ├── etc ├── home ├── lib ├── lib32 ├── lib64 ├── lost+found ├── media ├── mnt ├── opt ├── proc ├── root ├── run ├── sbin ├── srv ├── sys ├── tmp ├── usr └── var

system files

dev/

random
sda
sda1
sda2
sda3
sda4
sdb
sdb1
sdb2
sdb3
sr0
urandom

etc/

crontab
default/

grub

fstab
groups
hostname
passwd
timezone

proc/

cpuinfo

environment variables

set
env
export

$PWD $OLDPWD GNU Linux (BASH) - Linux Mint [Debian-based distro] karol@core2duo:~$ set | head -96 BASH=/usr/bin/bash BASHOPTS=checkwinsize:cmdhist:complete_fullquote:expand_aliases:extglob:extquote:force_fignore:globasciiranges:histappend:interactive_comments:progcomp:promptvars:sourcepath BASH_ALIASES=() BASH_ARGC=([0]="0") BASH_ARGV=() BASH_CMDS=() BASH_COMPLETION_VERSINFO=([0]="2" [1]="10") BASH_LINENO=() BASH_REMATCH=() BASH_SOURCE=() BASH_VERSINFO=([0]="5" [1]="0" [2]="17" [3]="1" [4]="release" [5]="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu") BASH_VERSION='5.0.17(1)-release' COLORTERM=truecolor COLUMNS=80 COMP_WORDBREAKS=$' \t\n"\'><=;|&(:' DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus DESKTOP_SESSION=cinnamon DIRSTACK=() DISPLAY=:0 EUID=1000 GDMSESSION=cinnamon GDM_LANG=en_US GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID=this-is-deprecated GNOME_TERMINAL_SCREEN=/org/gnome/Terminal/screen/b124d479_898d_49c3_945a_f597a820f69a GNOME_TERMINAL_SERVICE=:1.1716 GPG_AGENT_INFO=/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent:0:1 GROUPS=() GTK3_MODULES=xapp-gtk3-module GTK_MODULES=gail:atk-bridge GTK_OVERLAY_SCROLLING=1 HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth HISTFILE=/home/karol/.bash_history HISTFILESIZE=2000 HISTSIZE=1000 HOME=/home/karol HOSTNAME=core2duo HOSTTYPE=x86_64 IFS=$' \t\n' INSIDE_NEMO_PYTHON= LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LANGUAGE=en_US LC_ADDRESS=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_MEASUREMENT=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_NAME=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_PAPER=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_TELEPHONE=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_TIME=pl_PL.UTF-8 LESSCLOSE='/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s' LESSOPEN='| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s' LINES=24 LOGNAME=karol LS_COLORS='rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35:*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36:' MACHTYPE=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu MAILCHECK=60 OLDPWD=/home/karol OPTERR=1 OPTIND=1 OSTYPE=linux-gnu PAPERSIZE=a4 PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin PIPESTATUS=([0]="0") PPID=10883 PS1='\[\e]0;\u@\h: \w\a\]${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ ' PS2='> ' PS4='+ ' PWD=/home/karol QT_ACCESSIBILITY=1 QT_QPA_PLATFORMTHEME=qt5ct SESSION_MANAGER=local/core2duo:@/tmp/.ICE-unix/1161,unix/core2duo:/tmp/.ICE-unix/1161 SHELL=/bin/bash SHELLOPTS=braceexpand:emacs:hashall:histexpand:history:interactive-comments:monitor SHLVL=1 SSH_AGENT_PID=1310 SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-5epUrs6SzHHy/agent.1161 TERM=xterm-256color UID=1000 USER=karol VTE_VERSION=6003 XAUTHORITY=/home/karol/.Xauthority XDG_CONFIG_DIRS=/etc/xdg/xdg-cinnamon:/etc/xdg XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP=X-Cinnamon XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/share/cinnamon:/usr/share/gnome:/home/karol/.local/share/flatpak/exports/share:/var/lib/flatpak/exports/share:/usr/local/share:/usr/share:/var/lib/snapd/desktop XDG_GREETER_DATA_DIR=/var/lib/lightdm-data/karol XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 XDG_SEAT=seat0 XDG_SEAT_PATH=/org/freedesktop/DisplayManager/Seat0 XDG_SESSION_CLASS=user XDG_SESSION_DESKTOP=cinnamon XDG_SESSION_ID=c1 XDG_SESSION_PATH=/org/freedesktop/DisplayManager/Session0 XDG_SESSION_TYPE=x11 XDG_VTNR=7 _=--color=auto GNU Linux (BASH) - Linux Mint [Debian-based distro] karol@core2duo:~$ env SHELL=/bin/bash SESSION_MANAGER=local/core2duo:@/tmp/.ICE-unix/1161,unix/core2duo:/tmp/.ICE-unix/1161 QT_ACCESSIBILITY=1 COLORTERM=truecolor XDG_CONFIG_DIRS=/etc/xdg/xdg-cinnamon:/etc/xdg XDG_SESSION_PATH=/org/freedesktop/DisplayManager/Session0 GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID=this-is-deprecated LANGUAGE=en_US LC_ADDRESS=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_NAME=pl_PL.UTF-8 SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-5epUrs6SzHHy/agent.1161 DESKTOP_SESSION=cinnamon LC_MONETARY=pl_PL.UTF-8 SSH_AGENT_PID=1310 GTK_MODULES=gail:atk-bridge XDG_SEAT=seat0 PWD=/home/karol LOGNAME=karol XDG_SESSION_DESKTOP=cinnamon QT_QPA_PLATFORMTHEME=qt5ct XDG_SESSION_TYPE=x11 GPG_AGENT_INFO=/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent:0:1 XAUTHORITY=/home/karol/.Xauthority XDG_GREETER_DATA_DIR=/var/lib/lightdm-data/karol GDM_LANG=en_US INSIDE_NEMO_PYTHON= HOME=/home/karol LC_PAPER=pl_PL.UTF-8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35:*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36: XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP=X-Cinnamon VTE_VERSION=6003 XDG_SEAT_PATH=/org/freedesktop/DisplayManager/Seat0 GNOME_TERMINAL_SCREEN=/org/gnome/Terminal/screen/e5a4ca93_cb6c_4a7b_97b7_e8c8534460a0 LESSCLOSE=/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s XDG_SESSION_CLASS=user TERM=xterm-256color LC_IDENTIFICATION=pl_PL.UTF-8 GTK_OVERLAY_SCROLLING=1 LESSOPEN=| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s USER=karol GNOME_TERMINAL_SERVICE=:1.2033 DISPLAY=:0 SHLVL=1 LC_TELEPHONE=pl_PL.UTF-8 LC_MEASUREMENT=pl_PL.UTF-8 XDG_VTNR=7 XDG_SESSION_ID=c1 PAPERSIZE=a4 XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 LC_TIME=pl_PL.UTF-8 GTK3_MODULES=xapp-gtk3-module XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/share/cinnamon:/usr/share/gnome:/home/karol/.local/share/flatpak/exports/share:/var/lib/flatpak/exports/share:/usr/local/share:/usr/share:/var/lib/snapd/desktop PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin GDMSESSION=cinnamon DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus LC_NUMERIC=pl_PL.UTF-8 _=/usr/bin/env OLDPWD=/home/karol/Documents/cmd

access rights

GNU Linux (BASH) - Linux Mint [Debian-based distro] karol@core2duo:~$ ls -l razem 44 drwxr-xr-x 15 karol karol 4096 sie 3 20:57 Aplikacje drwxr-xr-x 4 karol karol 4096 sie 4 10:47 Dokumenty drwxr-xr-x 22 karol karol 4096 sie 2 13:20 ePSXe drwxr-xr-x 7 karol karol 4096 sie 3 20:54 Muzyka drwxr-xr-x 2 karol karol 4096 sie 2 16:14 Obrazy drwxr-xr-x 2 karol karol 4096 sie 4 10:38 Pobrane drwxrwxr-x 2 karol karol 4096 sie 4 18:32 Projects drwxr-xr-x 2 karol karol 4096 sie 2 16:14 Publiczny drwxr-xr-x 4 karol karol 4096 sie 4 13:06 Pulpit drwxr-xr-x 2 karol karol 4096 sie 2 16:14 Szablony drwxr-xr-x 2 karol karol 4096 sie 2 16:14 Wideo

 ┌───────┬─ all
drwxr-xr-x
│└┬┘└┬┘└┬┘
│ │  │  └─ other
│ │  └─ group
│ └─ user
└─ type of file / directory

types of files

d - directory
- - usual file
l - link

who is who?

user - the file (directory) owner
group - users who are in the same group as the owner of the file
other - other users
all - all users

what means ...?

r - reading right
w - writing right
x - executing right

numerical value of access rights

r - 4
w - 2
x - 1

rwx = 7
rw- = 6
r-x = 5
r-- = 4
--- = 0

how to change access rights?

by numerical values

chmod 777 fileName - rwxrwxrwx - set all rights to all users
chmod 700 fileName - rwx------ - only the owner has rights (all)
chmod 644 fileName - rw-r--r-- - the owner can read and write; users from group and other users can only read
chmod 755 fileName - rwxr-xr-x - the owner has all rights; users from group and other users can read and execute

by assigning

chmod u+x fileName - add executing right for the file owner user
chmod o-r fileName - remove reading right for other users
chmod g=rx fileName - set reading and executing right for group users
chmod a=rw fileName - set reading and writing right for all users

pipelines & redirections

command information

whatis
apropos
man
info
tldr

browsing directories

pwd
ls
cd
tree

cd PATH Go to the given directory
cd - Go to home directory of current user
cd .. - Go up to the parent of the current directory
cd - - Go to the previously chosen directory
tree -L 1 - display one-level struct
tree -d - display only directories GNU Linux (BASH) - Linux Mint [Debian-based distro] karol@core2duo:~/Dokumenty/DOStutorial$ tree -L 2 . ├── dos │ ├── batch │ ├── batch.htm │ ├── dysk.htm │ ├── menu.htm │ ├── msdos.htm │ ├── start.htm │ ├── strukt.htm │ └── wstep.htm ├── gui │ ├── dos.gif │ ├── flarup.gif │ ├── link.css │ ├── logo.gif │ ├── logo.htm │ ├── napis.htm │ ├── okno.htm │ └── start.htm └── index.htm 3 directories, 16 files karol@core2duo:~/Dokumenty/DOStutorial$

file manipulation

cp
mv
rm
ln
touch
mkdir
rmdir
install

file information

stat
file
cmp
diff

reading files

more
less
head
tail

console

tty
clear
reset
history
alias
source

power & session

exit
logout
login
reboot
poweroff
shutdown

file system

df
du
lsblk
fstab
mount
umount
fdisk
mkfs
fsck
ccd2iso
mdf2iso
nrg2iso

administration

su
sudo
chmod
chown
umask
update-grub
select-editor

users

logname
whoami
who
w
last
lslogins
groups

user administration

passwd
adduser
deluser
useradd
userdel
addgroup
delgroup
groupadd
groupdel

statistics

uptime
free
time
date
cal
ncal

system

hostname
uptime
uname
lsmod
modprobe
inxi
screenfetch
neofetch

hardware

arch
lscpu
lsmem
lsusb
lspci
lshw
hdparm

wireless

iwconfig
iwlist
rfkill

network sniffing

tcpdump
nmap
kismet
wireshark

processes

ps
top
htop
kill
killall
kill -KILL
killall -KILL
pidof
pstree
pgrep
pkill
jobs
fg
bg
nice
renice
disown
nohup

package managers

apt search
apt show
apt install
apt remove
apt purge
apt update
apt list --upgradable
apt upgrade
apt autoremove
apt add-repository

apt-cache

apt-cache search
apt-cache show

apt-get

apt-get install
apt-get remove
apt-get purge
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
apt-get autoremove

apt-key
add-apt-repository
aptitude
rpm
yum
pacman
flatpak

flatpak list
flatpak install
flatpak uninstall

snap

search

which
whereis
locate
find
grep

text manipulation

compilation

gcc
g++
javac
java
make
cmake

text editors

vim (vi)
nano (pico)
mcedit

file managers

mc (midnight commander)
ranger

useful programs

lynx
links
elinks
moc / mocp

ncurses programs

mc
mcedit
alsamixer

x server

xrandr
xkill
xterm
startx
xinit
xlogo
xcalc
xeyes
xman
xclock
xbiff

bash scripts

echo
read
sleep
let
test
if
elif
else
then
fi
case
esac
for
select
while
until
do
done
function

telnet & ssh

telnet
ssh

wine

wine
wineconsole
winecfg
notepad

xampp

sudo /opt/lampp/lampp start
sudo /opt/lampp/lampp stop
sudo /opt/lampp/lampp reload
sudo /opt/lampp/lampp restart

git

configuration

git config user.name
git config user.email
git config core.editor
git config --global user.name ["Your Name"]
git config --global user.email [you@example.com]
git config --global core.editor [editor name]
git config --list

get started with the repository

git clone [URL]
git init

check changes

git status
git status -s
git diff

commit changes

git add [file name]
git rm [file name]
git commit -m "your message"

work with remote repositories

git remote -v
git remote add origin [URL]
git push
git pull
git fetch

funny & miscellaneous

cowsay
cowthink
sl
tty-clock
cmatrix

GNU Linux (BASH) [Debian-based distros]

introduction

What is GNU Linux?

What is BASH?

What is Debian?

How can we use GNU Linux?

How to run the terminal in GUI (Graphical User Interface)?

How to go to the CLI (Command-Line Interface) from GUI?

How to back to the GUI (Graphical User Interface)?

keyboard shortcuts

disks & partitions

Disks numbering

types of disks controllers

disk number (as a letter)

examples

Partitions numbering

partition number

examples

directory structure

system files

environment variables

access rights

types of files

who is who?

what means ...?

numerical value of access rights

how to change access rights?

by numerical values

by assigning

pipelines & redirections

command information

browsing directories

file manipulation

file information

reading files

console

power & session

file system

administration

users

user administration

statistics

system

hardware

network

wireless

network sniffing

processes

package managers

search

text manipulation

archives

compilation

text editors

file managers

useful programs

ncurses programs

x server

bash scripts

telnet & ssh

wine

xampp

git

configuration

get started with the repository

check changes

commit changes

work with remote repositories

funny & miscellaneous